Systems Biology

Modeling Biological Systems

Bone Biology Summary

Bone Biology Summary

Introduction: Osteoporosis Bone Biology

Introduction: Osteoporosis Bone Biology

Introduction Osteoporosis Bone Biology

Introduction Osteoporosis Bone Biology

Summary: Osteoporosis Bone Biology

Summary: Osteoporosis Bone Biology

What is HBV?

HBV (Molecular Biology of HBV)

Overview of Osteoporosis

Bone Biology and Bone Loss

Biology of Eating Behaviors

Biology of Eating Behaviors

Bone Matrix

Bone Matrix

Bone Structure

Basic Bone Anatomy

Bone Matrix

Collagen

Bone Function

Calcium Homeostasis

Remodeling Process

Resorption

Factors Affecting Bone Remodeling

Glucocorticoids

Bone Tissue

Trabecular Bone

Remodeling Process

Reversal

Bone Tissue

Cortical Bone

Remodeling Process

Formation

Factors Affecting Bone Remodeling

Estrogen

Factors Affecting Bone Remodeling

Nervous System

Overview of Incretin Based Therapies

Background: Incretin Biology and Treatment Goal

Bone Structure

Common Fracture Sites in Osteoporosis

Remodeling Process

Events Associated with Bone Remodeling

Bone Matrix

Inorganic Bone Salts and Ground Substance

Bone Function

Calcium Storage and Release

Bone Function

Control of Calcium Homeostasis

Peak Bone Mass

Decreasing Bone Density

Insulin Molecular Biology

Insulin Action

Insulin Molecular Biology

MAPK Pathway

Insulin Molecular Biology

Akt Pathway

Biological and Physiological Determinants of PK

Development of Successful Therapeutic Drugs and The Biology of the Animal and Physicochemical Proper...

Bone Cells

Three Major Types of Bone Cells

Biological and Physicochemical Determinants of PK

Drug Properties and Biology Determine Route of Drug Administration

Bone Structure

Skeletal Structure, Bone Classifications and Bone Shape

Peak Bone Mass

Factors Affecting Peak Bone Mass

Bone Function

Structure, Protection, Movement and Blood Cell Formation (Hematopoiesis)

Insulin Molecular Biology

Insulin Action: Muscle and Adipose

Biology of Eating Behaviors

Hunger and Energy Homeostasis

Biology of Eating Behaviors

Neuronal Control of Energy Homeostasis

Insulin Molecular Biology

Beta cell: Glucose Sensing and Insulin Release

Biology of Eating Behaviors

The Reward Circuit and Appetite Regulation

What is HBV?

Hepatitis Viruses
HBV (Molecular Biology of HBV)
The Structure of HBV
HBV Genome

Biology of Eating Behaviors

Hormonal Control of Energy Homeostasis: Orexigenic and Anorexigenic

Overview of Incretin-Based Therapies

Background: Incretin-Biology

Insulin Molecular Biology

Insulin Action
MAPK Pathway
Akt Pathway

Biology of Eating Behaviors

Hormonal Control of Energy Homeostasis: Leptin

Insulin Molecular Biology

Beta cell: Glucose Sensing and Insulin Release
Insulin Action: Muscle and Adipose
Insulin ...

Overview: Cells (The Basics)

The Cell

What Are Cells?

Schleiden and Schwann's Hypothesis

What Are Cells?

The Cell: Basic Unit of Life

What Are Cells?

Spontaneous Generation: Challenges

What Are Cells?

Cell Structure and Function

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Eukaryotes: Organelles

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Endosymbiosis

Tools for Studying Cells

The Electron Microscope

Summary: Cells (The Basics)

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Introduction

Introduction

Introduction to Research Methodology

A New Perspective on Life Science Research

DNA Discovery

Biological Discovery Process

Overview: Cells (The Basics)

Leeuwenhoek's Microscope

Overview: Cells (The Basics)

Light Microscopes

Overview: Cells (The Basics)

Modern Light Microscopes

What Are Cells?

Spontaneous Generation

What Are Cells?

Spontaneous Generation: Contradictions

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

The Plasma Membrane

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Domains

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Eukaryotes: Cytoskeleton

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Plant Cells

Tools for Studying Cells

New Experimental Methods

Tools for Studying Cells

Electron Microscopes: Advantages

Tools for Studying Cells

Freeze Fracture

Tools for Studying Cells

Cell Fractionation

Tools for Studying Cells

Cell Cultures

Summary: Cells (The Basics)

Laboratory Techniques

DNA Discovery

Bacteriophage Experiment: Outcome

Overview: DNA Discovery and Structure

Accumulation of Biological Knowledge: Trait Inheritance

DNA Discovery

Bacteriophage Experiment: DNA is the Genetic Material

DNA Discovery

DNA: The Transforming Agent

Implications

DNA Structure: Mechanism to Ensure Accuracy of DNA Replication

Summary: DNA Discovery and Structure

Biological Discovery

Summary: Translation (Protein Synthesis)

Translation: Protein Synthesis (Summary)

Introduction

Platelet Development Pathway

Platelet Receptor Physiology

Thromboxane A2

Measures of Platelet Aggregation

Light Transmission Aggregometry: Effects Shown

Cytokines as Intercellular Messengers

The Cytokine Network: Cytokine Effects

Overview: Cells (The Basics)

The Invention of the Microscope

DNA Discovery

Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

DNA Structure

Strands Serving as Templates for the Synthesis of New Strands

DNA Structure

Determining the Sequence of Nucleotides

DNA Structure

DNA: A Double Helix

DNA Structure

Antiparallel Orientation

Summary: DNA Discovery and Structure

DNA: The Genetic Material

Summary: DNA Discovery and Structure

DNA Structure: Accurate Mechanism for DNA Replication

Overview: Translation (Protein Synthesis)

Translation: Protein Synthesis (Overview)

Model Development and Implementation

Model-Centric Data Integration, Development, and Collection

What Are Cells?

The Cell Theory

Summary: Cells (The Basics)

The Cell Theory

Cell Structure and Movement

Cell Structure and Movement

Overview: DNA Discovery and Structure

Accumulation of Biological Knowledge: Chromosomes and DNA

DNA Structure

Nucleotides

DNA Discovery

Bacterial Transformation

DNA Structure

Chargaff's Rules

Implications

Implications of the Discovery of DNA's Structure

Summary: DNA Discovery and Structure

DNA: A Double Helix

Mechanism of Translation

Mechanism of Translation

Summary: The Cell Cycle and Mitosis

The Cell Cycle and Mitosis: Summary

Overview: The Transcription of DNA to RNA

The Transcription of DNA to RNA: Overview

Atherothrombosis

Platelets and Development of Atherosclerotic Lesions: Platelet Interaction with Endothelial Cells

The Extracellular Matrix

The Extracellular Matrix

Overview: Cell Structure and Mobility

Cell Structure and Mobility: Overview

How Do Bacteria Make People Sick?

How Do Bacteria Make People Sick?

Membrane Proteins

Membrane Proteins

Summary: Cell Membranes

Cell Membranes: Summary

DNA Discovery

First Bacterial Transformation Experiments

DNA Discovery

Bacteriophage Experiment

Overview: The Cell Cycle and Mitosis

The Cell Cycle and Mitosis: Overview

The Accuracy of Replication

The Accuracy of Replication

Summary: DNA Replication

DNA Replication: Summary

The Cell Cycle

Cell Cycle Regulation, Growth Hormone Deficiency, and the G2 Checkcpoint

Hemostasis

Control of Hemostatic Pathways

Platelet Receptor Physiology

ADP

Overview of Cell Activation, Cancer, and the Targets of Anticancer Drugs

Normal Cell

Cytokines as Proteins

The Cytokines

Modeling Metabolism

The Centrality of Metabolism and Types of Data

The Process of Transcription

The Process of Transcription

Summary: The Transcription of DNA to RNA

The Transcription of DNA to RNA: Summary

Overview: DNA Replication

DNA Replication: Overview

Atherothrombosis

Platelets and Arterial Thrombosis: Causes of Plaque Disruption

Measures of Platelet Aggregation

Overview: Platelets

The Fluid Mosaic Model

The Fluid Mosaic Model

Transport Mechanisms

Transport Mechanisms

Genes Encode Proteins

Genes Encode Proteins

Transcription Regulation and the Processing of RNA

Transcription Regulation and the Processing of RNA

The Cell Cycle

The Cell Cycle Phases and Regulation, The G1 Checkpoint

Chemical Process

Methionine Oxidation: Consequences

Hemostasis

Fibrinolysis

Atherothrombosis

Involvement of Platelets

Measures of Platelet Aggregation

Light Transmission Aggregometry: Overview

Overview of Cell Activation, Cancer, and the Targets of Anticancer Drugs

Cancer Cell

Overview of Cell Activation, Cancer, and the Targets of Anticancer Drugs

Enzyme Inhibitors

Overview of Cell Activation, Cancer, and the Targets of Anticancer Drugs

DNA-Binding Molecules

The Formation of the G-quadruplex structure

Quadruplex Formation

Overview of Cell Activation, Cancer, and the Targets of Anticancer Drugs

Transcription

The Formation of the G-quadruplex structure

Quadruplex Formation

Cytokines as Proteins

Cytokines are Proteins

Cytokines as Intercellular Messengers

Cytokine Signaling Between Cells

Cytokines in Physiology and Disease

Cytokines in the Treatment of Disease: Chemical Tethering

Diabetes

Type 1 or Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

VEGF

MAP Kinase Pathway and PI3 Kinase Pathway

Decoding RNA

Decoding RNA

Components of Translation

Components of Translation

The Cell Cycle

The Cell Cycle Phases and Regulation, The G1 Checkpoint
Cell Cycle Regulation, Growth Hormone D...

Stages of the Cell Cycle

Stages of the Cell Cycle

The Mechanism of DNA Replication

The Mechanism of DNA Replication

Introduction

Platelets

Hemostasis

Overview: Hemostasis

Hemostasis

Clot Retraction and Vessel Repair

Hemostasis

Disorders of Hemostasis: Abnormal Bleeding

Hemostasis

Platelet Aggregation

Hemostasis

Hemostasis

Atherothrombosis

Overview: Atherothrombosis

Atherothrombosis

Overview: Atherosclerotic Process

Atherothrombosis

Platelets and Development of Atherosclerotic Lesions

Platelet Receptor Physiology

ADP and Thromboxane A2

Platelet Receptor Physiology

IIb/IIIa and Platelet Aggregation

Platelet Receptor Physiology

IIb/IIIa as a Target

Measures of Platelet Aggregation

VerifyNow: Overview

Measures of Platelet Aggregation

Measure of Platelet Biomarkers VASP: PGE-1

Measures of Platelet Aggregation

Light Transmission Aggregometry: MPA & IPA

Measures of Platelet Aggregation

Point-of-Care Devices

Overview of Cell Activation, Cancer, and the Targets of Anticancer Drugs

Receptor Blockers

Overview of Cell Activation, Cancer, and the Targets of Anticancer Drugs

Transcription Repression

Overview of Cell Activation, Cancer, and the Targets of Anticancer Drugs

Antisense Molecules

The Formation of the G-quadruplex structure

DNA Alkylation

Cytokines as Proteins

Protein Structure and Stability: Temperature

Cytokines as Proteins

Protein Structure and Stability: Addition of Alkali

Cytokines as Proteins

Protein Structure and Stability: Denaturation

Cytokines as Intercellular Messengers

The Cytokine Network

Cytokines as Proteins

Proteins are the Products of Genes

Cytokines as Proteins

Protein Structure and Stability: Conditions that Affect Protein Structure

Cytokines as Intercellular Messengers

The Cytokine Network: Cytokine Effects

Cytokines as Intercellular Messengers

The Cytokine Network: Complex Interactions

Cytokines in Physiology and Disease

Development and Differentiation

Cytokines in Physiology and Disease

Cytokines in the Treatment of Disease: Antagonist

Cytokine Examples

Type I Interferons: Interferon-α and Interferon-β

Cytokine Examples

Interleukin-10

Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple Sclerosis

Other Programs

Melanocortin Receptors

Other Programs

Melanocortin-4 Receptor

Cellular Organelles

Cellular Organelles

Summary: Cell Structure and Mobility

Cell Structure and Mobility: Summary

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Introduction

Normal Values

Hemostasis

Disorders of Hemostasis: Thromboembolic Conditions

Hemostasis

Vascular Spasms

Hemostasis

Platelet Plug Formation

Hemostasis

Activated Platelets

Atherothrombosis

Superficial Plaque Erosion

Atherothrombosis

Platelets and Arterial Thrombosis

Platelet Receptor Physiology

Substances That Cause Platelet Aggregation

Platelet Receptor Physiology

Activation Pathways

Platelet Receptor Physiology

Thrombin

Measures of Platelet Aggregation

VerifyNow: P2Y12 Cartridge

Measures of Platelet Aggregation

Summary: Platelets

Measures of Platelet Aggregation

Light Transmission Aggregometry: Aggregometer

Measures of Platelet Aggregation

Light Transmission Aggregometry: Residual Aggregation

Measures of Platelet Aggregation

Other Methods of Assessing Platelet Aggregation

Cytokines as Proteins

Protein Structure and Stability: Addition of Acid

Cytokines as Intercellular Messengers

Cytokine Signaling Between Cells: The Receptor

Cytokines as Intercellular Messengers

Cytokine Signaling Between Cells: The Immune System

Cytokines in Physiology and Disease

Intercellular Signaling Molecules

Cytokines in Physiology and Disease

Inflammation

Cytokines in Physiology and Disease

Cytokines in the Treatment of Disease

Cytokine Examples

Interleukin-4

What is Biotechnology?

The History of Biotechnology

CRF

CRF and ACTH

Other Programs

Chemokines

Soft Tissue Sarcomas (STSs)

Investigational Treatment Strategies

Atherothrombosis

High-Risk Atherothrombotic Plaque

Measures of Platelet Aggregation

VerifyNow: PRU: P2Y12 Reaction Units

Measures of Platelet Aggregation

Measure of Platelet Biomarkers VASP

Measures of Platelet Aggregation

Light Transmission Aggregometry: Tracing

Cytokines as Proteins

Proteins are Linear Polymers of Amino Acids

Cytokines as Proteins

Protein Structure and Stability: Levels of Structure

Cytokines as Intercellular Messengers

Cytokine Signaling Between Cells: Changes in Gene Expression

Cytokines in Physiology and Disease

The Immune System

Cytokine Examples

Interleukin-5

VEGF

VEGF Production

VEGF

MAP Kinase Pathway

Summary: Angiogenesis

Summary: Angiogenesis

Hemostasis

Coagulation: Phases

Hemostasis

Coagulation: Contact Activation Pathway

Introduction

Platelet Development Pathway
Platelets
Normal Values

Cytokines as Proteins

Protein Structure and Stability: Molecular Interactions

Cytokines as Proteins

Protein Structure and Stability: Oxidizing or Reducing Agents

Cytokines as Intercellular Messengers

The Cytokine Network
The Cytokine Network: Cytokine Effects
The Cytokine Network: Complex ...

Cytokine Examples

Interleukins and Interferons

Overview: Angiogenesis

Regulation of Angiogenesis: Inhibitors

Overview: Angiogenesis

Angiogenesis Process

Pathological Angiogenesis

Angiogenesis and Cancer: The Angiogenic Switch

Pathological Angiogenesis

Anti-angiogenesic Cancer Therapies

Pathological Angiogenesis

Anti-angiogenesic Cancer Therapies: VEGF Pathway Inhibition

Cytokines as Proteins

Protein Structure and Stability: Amino Acids

Cytokines in Physiology and Disease

Cytokines in the Treatment of Disease: Antagonist
Cytokines in the Treatment of Disease: Chemic...

Introduction

Core PKDM Disciplines Supporting Drug Development

Overview: Angiogenesis

Functions of Angiogenesis

VEGF

VEGF Family of Cytokines and Receptors

Pathological Angiogenesis

Angiogenesis in Cancer

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy Resistance

Platelet Receptor Physiology

Substances That Cause Platelet Aggregation
Activation Pathways
ADP and Thromboxane A2

Cytokines as Intercellular Messengers

Cytokine Signaling Between Cells: The Receptor
Cytokine Signaling Between Cells: The Immune Sys...

Overview: Angiogenesis

Regulation of Angiogenesis

Pathological Angiogenesis

Diseases Associated with Uncontrolled Angiogenesis

Biological Products/Recombinant Proteins

Discovery and Development of Biologics: Recombinant Biologics

Cytokines as Intercellular Messengers

Cytokine Signaling Between Cells: The Receptor
Cytokine Signaling Between Cells: The Immune Sys...

Cytokines in Physiology and Disease

Intercellular Signaling Molecules
Development and Differentiation
The Immune System
I...

Cytokine Examples

Interleukins and Interferons
Type I Interferons: Interferon-α and Interferon-β
I...

Introduction

Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics Guide Drug Candidate Design and Selection and Advance the Core G...

Atherothrombosis

Overview: Atherothrombosis
Interactivity: Unstable Plaque
Interactivity: Thrombus Formatio...

Chemical Process

Chemical Stability
Methionine Oxidation
Methionine Oxidation: Consequences
Methionine...

Measures of Platelet Aggregation

Overview: Platelets
VerifyNow: Overview
VerifyNow: P2Y12 Cartridge
VerifyNow: PRU: P2...

Cytokines as Proteins

Protein Structure and Stability: Temperature
Protein Structure and Stability: Addition of Acid

What is Biotechnology?

The History of Biotechnology
What is Biotechnology?
A Global Industry
The Evolution o...

Cytokines as Proteins

The Cytokines
Cytokines are Proteins
Proteins are Linear Polymers of Amino Acids
Prot...